CIP 26.-生物和生物医学科学 Biological and biomedical sciences

飞出国论坛综合 CIP2021
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26.-生物和生物医学科学 Biological and biomedical sciences

该系列包括专注于生物科学和非临床生物医学科学的教学计划，并为个人从事生物学家和生物医学科学家的研究和职业生涯做好准备。 This series comprises instructional programs that focus on the biological sciences and the non-clinical biomedical sciences, and that prepare individuals for research and professional careers as biologists and biomedical scientists.

26.01 - 生物学，一般 Biology, general

该子系列包括教学课程类别 26.0101 和 26.0102。 This subseries comprises instructional program classes 26.0101 and 26.0102.

26.0101 - 生物学/生物科学，一般 Biology/biological sciences, general

此教学课程类别包括任何入门级、基础级的生物学通用课程，或未区分名称或内容的生物学或生物科学课程。这些课程包括普通生物学课程和涵盖各种生物学专业的课程。 This instructional program class comprises any general program of biology at the introductory, basic level or a program in biology or the biological sciences that is undifferentiated as to title or content. These programs include courses in general biology and programs covering a variety of biological specializations.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 应用生物学 applied biology

  • 生物科学 biological sciences

  • 生物学 biology

  • 生物科学 bioscience

  • 生命科学 life sciences

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生物工程(14.4501) biological engineering(14.4501)

  • 生物技术员(41.0101) biology technician(41.0101)

  • 生物心理学(30.1001) biopsychology(30.1001)

  • 细胞和分子生物学(26.0406) cellular and molecular biology(26.0406)

  • 人类生物学(30.2701) human biology(30.2701)

  • 医学生物学(26.0102) medical biology(26.0102)

  • 微生物学（26.0502） microbiology(26.0502)

26.0102 - 生物医学科学，普通 Biomedical sciences, general

该教学计划类别包括任何专注于与健康和医学相关的生物学问题的综合科学研究的一般计划，或一门或多门生物医学科学的课程，其名称未区分。这些课程包括研究级别的任何基础医学课程；生物医学系的生物科学研究；和涵盖各种生物医学学科的一般研究。 This instructional program class comprises any general program that focuses on the integrative scientific study of biological issues related to health and medicine, or a program in one or more of the biomedical sciences that is undifferentiated as to title. These programs include courses in any of the basic medical sciences at the research level; biological science research in biomedical faculties; and general studies encompassing a variety of the biomedical disciplines.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 生物医学科学 biomedical science

  • 医学生物学 medical biology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生物和物理科学(30.0101) biological and physical sciences(30.0101)

  • 生物学（26.0101） biology(26.0101)

  • 生物医学工程(14.0501) biomedical engineering(14.0501)

  • 生物医学工程技术（15.0401） biomedical engineering technology(15.0401)

  • 人类生物学(30.2701) human biology(30.2701)

26.02 - 生物化学/生物物理学和分子生物学 Biochemistry/biophysics and molecular biology

该子系列包括教学课程类别 26.0202 至 26.0299。 This subseries comprises instructional program classes 26.0202 to 26.0299.

26.0202 - 生物化学 Biochemistry

该教学课程包括任何专注于生命系统化学、其基本化学物质和反应及其化学途径和信息传递系统的科学研究的课程，特别是碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂质和核酸。这些课程包括生物有机化学、蛋白质化学、生物分析化学、生物分离、调节生物化学、酶学、激素化学、量热法以及研究方法和设备操作等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the chemistry of living systems, their fundamental chemical substances and reactions, and their chemical pathways and information transfer systems, with particular reference to carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These programs include courses in bio-organic chemistry, protein chemistry, bioanalytical chemistry, bioseparations, regulatory biochemistry, enzymology, hormonal chemistry, calorimetry, and research methods and equipment operation.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 生物化学 biochemistry

  • 生物化学 biological chemistry

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生化工程(14.4301) biochemical engineering(14.4301)

  • 生物化学与分子生物学(26.0210) biochemistry and molecular biology(26.0210)

  • 生物工程(14.4501) biological engineering(14.4501)

  • 化学工程(14.0701) chemical engineering(14.0701)

  • 化学(40.0501) chemistry(40.0501)

  • 分子生物化学(26.0205) molecular biochemistry(26.0205)

26.0203 - 生物物理学 Biophysics

该教学课程包括任何专注于将物理原理应用于各种复杂程度的生物过程和组装机制的科学研究的课程。这些课程包括研究方法和设备操作课程以及对生物能量学、生物物理理论和建模、电物理学、膜生物学、通道、受体和转运蛋白、收缩性和肌肉功能、蛋白质成形和折叠、分子和超分子结构和组装等学科的应用和计算科学。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the application of physics principles to the scientific study of the mechanisms of biological processes and assemblies at all levels of complexity. These programs include courses in research methods and equipment operation and applications to subjects such as bioenergetics, biophysical theory and modelling, electrophysics, membrane biology, channels, receptors and transporters, contractility and muscle function, protein shaping and folding, molecular and supramolecular structures and assemblies, and computational science.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 生物物理学 biophysics

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生物化学与分子生物学(26.0210) biochemistry and molecular biology(26.0210)

  • 生物和物理科学(30.0101) biological and physical sciences(30.0101)

  • 医学物理(51.2205) medical physics(51.2205)

  • 分子生物物理学（26.0206） molecular biophysics(26.0206)

  • 物理（40.0801） physics(40.0801)

26.0204 - 分子生物学 Molecular biology

该教学课程包括任何专注于生物大分子结构和功能的科学研究以及分子成分和机制在超分子组装体和细胞中的作用的任何课程。这些课程包括分子信号和转导、细胞生长调节、酶底物和酶作用机制、DNA-蛋白质相互作用以及在生物技术、遗传学、细胞生物学和生理学等领域的应用等主题的课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the structure and function of biological macromolecules and the role of molecular constituents and mechanisms in supramolecular assemblies and cells. These programs include courses in such topics as molecular signalling and transduction, regulation of cell growth, enzyme substrates and mechanisms of enzyme action, DNA-protein interaction, and applications to fields such as biotechnology, genetics, cell biology, and physiology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 分子生物学 molecular biology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生物化学与分子生物学(26.0210) biochemistry and molecular biology(26.0210)

  • 细胞和分子生物学(26.0406) cellular and molecular biology(26.0406)

  • 分子医学(26.1401) molecular medicine(26.1401)

  • 植物分子生物学(26.0308) plant molecular biology(26.0308)

26.0205 - 分子生物化学 Molecular biochemistry

该教学课程包括任何专注于生理功能与大分子和超分子组装体（如多酶复合物、膜和病毒）的结构和作用之间的科学关系的课程。这些课程包括调节和催化、蛋白质合成和其他合成以及生物分子化学反应的化学机制课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific relationship of physiological function to the structure and actions of macromolecules and supramolecular assemblies such as multienzyme complexes, membranes, and viruses. These programs include courses in the chemical mechanisms of regulation and catalysis, protein synthesis and other syntheses, and biomolecular chemical reactions.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 分子生物化学 molecular biochemistry

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生化工程(14.4301) biochemical engineering(14.4301)

  • 生物和物理科学(30.0101) biological and physical sciences(30.0101)

  • 分子生物学(26.0204) molecular biology(26.0204)

26.0206 - 分子生物物理学 Molecular biophysics

该教学课程包括任何专注于大分子和其他三维超微结构的动力学和相互作用、超分子结构的结构以及生物分子系统中的能量转移的科学课程。这些课程包括能量转换、结构动力学、生物系统中电子和质子转移机制、生物信息学、自动分析和专业研究技术等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any scientific program that focuses on the dynamics and interactions of macromolecules and other three-dimensional ultrastructures, the architecture of supramolecular structures, and energy transfer in biomolecular systems. These programs include courses in energy transduction, structural dynamics, mechanisms of electron and proton transfer in biological systems, bioinformatics, automated analysis, and specialized research techniques.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 分子生物物理学 molecular biophysics

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生物化学与分子生物学(26.0210) biochemistry and molecular biology(26.0210)

  • 生物物理学（26.0203） biophysics(26.0203)

  • 医学物理(51.2205) medical physics(51.2205)

26.0207 - 结构生物学 Structural biology

该教学课程包括任何专注于对生命系统的亚分子和分子成分和组件进行科学研究以及它们如何组织成功能单元（如细胞和解剖组织）的课程。这些课程包括糖蛋白、碳水化合物、蛋白质和核酸结构与化学课程；细胞骨架结构；核和细胞内结构；分子识别；分子伴侣；转录和折叠；多细胞组织；微管和微丝；细胞分化；免疫物理学；和DNA测序。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of submolecular and molecular components and assemblies of living systems and how they are organized into functional units such as cells and anatomic tissues. These programs include courses in glycoprotein, carbohydrate, protein, and nucleic acid structures and chemistry; cytoskeletal structure; nuclear and intracellular structures; molecular recognition; molecular chaperones; transcription and folding; multicellular organization; microtubules and microfilaments; cell differentiation; immunophysics; and DNA sequencing.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 结构生物学 structural biology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生物学（26.0101） biology(26.0101)

  • 细胞生物学和解剖学(26.0407) cell biology and anatomy(26.0407)

  • 细胞和分子生物学(26.0406) cellular and molecular biology(26.0406)

  • 医学生物学(26.0102) medical biology(26.0102)

  • 分子生物学(26.0204) molecular biology(26.0204)

26.0208 - 光生物学 Photobiology

该教学课程包括任何专注于光能对生物体影响的科学研究、生物体发光的制造和加工以及光在生物研究中的应用的任何课程。这些课程包括生物发光、时间生物学、光医学、环境光生物学、有机光化学、光形态发生、光感受器和光敏化、光合作用分子力学、光技术、视觉、紫外线辐射、辐射物理学和光谱研究方法等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the effects of light energy on living organisms, the manufacture and processing of luminescence by organisms, and the uses of light in biological research. These programs include courses in bioluminescence, chronobiology, photomedicine, environmental photobiology, organic photochemistry, photomorphogenesis, photoreceptors and photosensitization, molecular mechanics of photosynthesis, phototechnology, vision, ultraviolet radiation, radiation physics, and spectral research methods.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 光生物学 photobiology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生物和物理科学(30.0101) biological and physical sciences(30.0101)

  • 生物学（26.0101） biology(26.0101)

26.0209 - 辐射生物学/放射生物学 Radiation biology/radiobiology

该教学课程包括任何专注于辐射对生物体和生物系统的影响的课程。这些课程包括粒子物理学、电离和辐射扰动的生物物理学、细胞和有机体修复系统、辐射的遗传和病理效应以及辐射剂量的测量等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the effects of radiation on organisms and biological systems. These programs include courses in particle physics, ionization, and biophysics of radiation perturbations, cellular and organismic repair systems, genetic and pathological effects of radiation, and the measurement of radiation dosages.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 辐射生物学 radiation biology

  • 放射生物学 radiobiology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生物和物理科学(30.0101) biological and physical sciences(30.0101)

  • 生物学（26.0101） biology(26.0101)

  • 诊断放射学 - 住院医师 (61.2601) diagnostic radiology - residency(61.2601)

  • 医疗放射技师 (51.0911) medical radiation technologist(51.0911)

  • 光生物学（26.0208） photobiology(26.0208)

26.0210 - 生物化学和分子生物学 Biochemistry and molecular biology

该教学计划课程包括结合了生物化学和分子生物学的生物学子学科的任何计划。这些课程包括普通生物学、普通化学和有机化学、物理学、生物化学、分子生物学、免疫学、微生物学、遗传学和细胞生物学课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that combines the biological subdisciplines of biochemistry and molecular biology. These programs include courses in general biology, general and organic chemistry, physics, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics, and cellular biology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 生物化学和分子生物学 biochemistry and molecular biology

  • 结合生物化学和分子生物学 combined biochemistry and molecular biology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生物化学(26.0202) biochemistry(26.0202)

  • 生物物理学（26.0203） biophysics(26.0203)

  • 分子生物学(26.0204) molecular biology(26.0204)

26.0299 - 生物化学/生物物理学和分子生物学，其他 Biochemistry/biophysics and molecular biology, other

该教学课程包括上面未列出的任何与生物化学/生物物理学和分子生物学相关的课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program not listed above that relates to Biochemistry/biophysics and molecular biology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 比较生物化学 comparative biochemistry

  • 医学生物化学 medical biochemistry

  • 其他生物化学/生物物理学和分子生物学 other biochemistry/biophysics and molecular biology

26.03 - 植物学/植物生物学 Botany/plant biology

该子系列包括教学课程类别 26.0301 至 26.0399。 This subseries comprises instructional program classes 26.0301 to 26.0399.

26.0301 - 植物学/植物生物学，一般 Botany/plant biology, general

该教学课程包括任何侧重于植物、相关微生物、植物栖息地和生态系统关系的科学研究的课程。这些课程包括植物解剖学和结构、植物化学、细胞学、植物遗传学、植物形态学和生理学、植物生态学、植物分类学和系统学、古植物学以及生物物理学和分子生物学的应用课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of plants, related microbial organisms, and plant habitats and ecosystem relations. These programs include courses in plant anatomy and structure, phytochemistry, cytology, plant genetics, plant morphology and physiology, plant ecology, plant taxonomy and systematics, paleobotany, and applications of biophysics and molecular biology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 植物学 botany

  • 植物化学 phytochemistry

  • 植物学 phytology

  • 植物生物学 plant biology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 园艺科学(01.1103) horticultural science(01.1103)

  • 真菌学(26.0506) mycology(26.0506)

  • 藻类学（26.0399） phycology(26.0399)

  • 植物育种(01.1104) plant breeding(01.1104)

  • 植物遗传学(26.0805) plant genetics(26.0805)

  • 植物科学(01.1101) plant sciences(01.1101)

26.0305 - 植物病理学/植物病理学 Plant pathology/phytopathology

该教学课程包括任何专注于植物病害和植物健康科学研究以及疾病控制机制发展的课程。这些课程包括植物解剖学和生理学课程；发病;分子植物病毒学；分子遗传学；细菌流行病学；病原体鉴定；主机/代理交互；抗病性和反应机制；开发植物病害治疗；疾病预防;疾病生理学和控制。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of plant diseases and plant health, and the development of disease control mechanisms. These programs include courses in plant anatomy and physiology; pathogenesis; molecular plant virology; molecular genetics; bacterial epidemiology; causal agent identification; host/agent interactions; disease resistance and response mechanisms; developing plant disease treatments; disease prevention; and disease physiology and control.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 植物病理学 phytopathology

  • 植物病理学 plant pathology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 植物生理学(26.0307) plant physiology(26.0307)

  • 植物保护(01.1105) plant protection(01.1105)

  • 植物科学(01.1101) plant sciences(01.1101)

26.0307 - 植物生理学 Plant physiology

植物呼吸；植物生长、行为和繁殖；该教学课程包括任何专注于植物内部动力学和系统、植物与环境相互作用以及植物生命周期和过程的科学研究的课程。光合作用;这些课程包括细胞和分子生物学课程；植物系统;植物营养；和生态。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of plant internal dynamics and systems, plant-environment interaction, and plant life cycles and processes. These programs include courses in cell and molecular biology; plant nutrition; plant respiration; plant growth, behaviour, and reproduction; photosynthesis; plant systemics; and ecology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 植物生理学 plant physiology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 细胞生理学(26.0903) cell physiology(26.0903)

  • 生理学（26.0901） physiology(26.0901)

  • 植物病理学(26.0305) phytopathology(26.0305)

  • 植物科学(01.1101) plant sciences(01.1101)

26.0308 - 植物分子生物学 Plant molecular biology

该教学课程包括任何专注于将分子生物学、生物化学和生物物理学应用于研究植物和植物物质特有的生物分子结构、功能和过程的课程。这些课程包括植物细胞生物化学、核质相互作用、分子细胞结构、光合作用、植物分子遗传学和植物病害分子生物学等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the application of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics to the study of biomolecular structures, functions, and processes specific to plants and plant substances. These programs include courses in the biochemistry of plant cells, nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions, molecular cytostructures, photosynthesis, plant molecular genetics, and the molecular biology of plant diseases.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 植物分子生物学 plant molecular biology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 植物学(26.0301) botany(26.0301)

  • 分子生物学(26.0204) molecular biology(26.0204)

  • 植物科学(01.1101) plant sciences(01.1101)

26.0399 - 植物学/植物生物学，其他 Botany/plant biology, other

该教学课程包括上面未列出的与植物学/植物生物学相关的任何课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program not listed above that relates to Botany/plant biology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 其他植物学/植物生物学 other botany/plant biology

  • 藻类学 phycology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 植物学(26.0301) botany(26.0301)

  • 植物科学(01.1101) plant sciences(01.1101)

26.04 - 细胞/细胞生物学和解剖学 Cell/cellular biology and anatomical sciences

该子系列包括教学课程类别 26.0401 至 26.0499。 This subseries comprises instructional program classes 26.0401 to 26.0499.

26.0401 - 细胞/细胞生物学和组织学 Cell/cellular biology and histology

该教学课程包括任何专注于对细胞作为单个单元和更大系统的组成部分的结构、功能和调节进行科学研究的课程。这些课程包括细胞化学、细胞动力学、细胞复制和繁殖、细胞解剖学、膜功能、细胞器、细胞粘附和细胞外基质、细胞动力学和运动、减数分裂和有丝分裂、信号转导、调节、识别和防御机制、细胞周期、细胞代谢和呼吸、基因表达以及细胞类型和特征的研究。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the structure, function, and regulation of cells as individual units and as components of larger systems. These programs include courses in cell chemistry, cellular dynamics, cellular replication and reproduction, cell anatomy, membrane function, organelles, cell adhesion and extracellular matrices, cell dynamics and motility, meiosis and mitosis, signal transduction, regulation, recognition and defence mechanisms, the cell cycle, cell metabolism and respiration, gene expression, and studies of cell types and characteristics.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 细胞生物学 cell biology

  • 细胞生物学和组织学 cell biology and histology

  • 细胞生物学 cellular biology

  • 细胞学 cytology

  • 组织学 histology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 细胞生物学和解剖学(26.0407) cell biology and anatomy(26.0407)

  • 细胞和分子生物学(26.0406) cellular and molecular biology(26.0406)

  • 细胞技术(51.1002) cytotechnology(51.1002)

  • 组织学技术员 (51.1008) histologic technician(51.1008)

  • 组织学技师 (51.1007) histologic technologist(51.1007)

26.0403 - 解剖学 Anatomy

该教学课程包括任何专注于器官系统、组织结构和全身及其细胞和结构成分和动力学的科学研究的课程。这些课程包括细胞生物学和组织学、结构生物学、分子力学、区域和大体解剖学、胚胎学、神经解剖学、内分泌学和分泌动力学以及在衰老和疾病状况等主题中的应用课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of organ systems, tissue structures, and whole bodies together with their cellular and structural components and dynamics. These programs include courses in cell biology and histology, structural biology, molecular mechanics, regional and gross anatomy, embryology, neuroanatomy, endocrinology and secretory dynamics, and applications to such topics as aging and disease conditions.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 解剖学 anatomy

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 细胞生物学和解剖学(26.0407) cell biology and anatomy(26.0407)

  • 神经解剖学(26.1502) neuroanatomy(26.1502)

26.0404 - 发育生物学和胚胎学 Developmental biology and embryology

该教学课程包括任何专注于动物和人类胚胎学、发育和生长科学研究的课程。这些课程包括受精、卵子发生、组织发生、原肠胚形成和细胞分化课程；胚胎发育，包括器官和模式形成、形态发生、基因调控、细胞谱系和命运图谱；疾病和缺陷研究；生长发育的转基因和进化模型；以及对特定生物体和门的应用。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of embryology, development, and growth of animals and human beings. These programs include courses in fertilization, oogenesis, histogenesis, gastrulation, and cell differentiation; embryological development including organ and pattern formation, morphogenesis, gene regulation, cell lineage, and fate maps; disease and defect studies; transgenic and evolutionary models of growth and development; and applications to specific organisms and phyla.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 发育生物学 developmental biology

  • 胚胎学 embryology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 细胞生物学(26.0401) cellular biology(26.0401)

  • 儿童发展(19.0706) child development(19.0706)

  • 遗传学（26.0801） genetics(26.0801)

  • 人类生物学(30.2701) human biology(30.2701)

  • 人类遗传学(26.0806) human genetics(26.0806)

26.0406 - 细胞/细胞和分子生物学 Cell/cellular and molecular biology

该教学课程包括任何专注于细胞、细胞系统以及细胞结构和功能的分子基础科学研究的综合、组合课程。这些课程包括细胞生物学、细胞化学、分子生物学、生物物理学和结构生物学课程。 This instructional program class comprises any integrated, combined program that focuses on the scientific study of cells, cellular systems, and the molecular basis of cell structure and function. These programs include courses in cell biology, cell chemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, and structural biology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 细胞和分子生物学 cell and molecular biology

  • 细胞生物学和分子生物学 cell biology and molecular biology

  • 细胞和分子生物学 cellular and molecular biology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 细胞生物学(26.0401) cellular biology(26.0401)

  • 分子生物学(26.0204) molecular biology(26.0204)

  • 分子医学(26.1401) molecular medicine(26.1401)

26.0407 - 细胞生物学和解剖学 Cell biology and anatomy

该教学计划课程包括任何综合的、组合的计划，这些计划侧重于在有机体、区域和大体解剖系统的背景下对细胞结构、功能和动力学进行科学研究。这些课程包括分子生物学、细胞生物学和组织学、结构生物学、解剖学、胚胎学、内分泌学以及在特定系统、疾病、缺陷和过程中的应用课程。 This instructional program class comprises any integrated, combined program that focuses on the scientific study of cell structure, function, and dynamics within the context of organismic, regional, and gross anatomical systems. These programs include courses in molecular biology, cell biology and histology, structural biology, anatomy, embryology, endocrinology, and applications to specific systems, diseases, defects, and processes.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 细胞生物学和解剖学 cell biology and anatomy

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 解剖学（26.0403） anatomy(26.0403)

  • 细胞生物学(26.0401) cellular biology(26.0401)

  • 分子生物学(26.0204) molecular biology(26.0204)

26.0499 - 细胞/细胞生物学和解剖学，其他 Cell/cellular biology and anatomical sciences, other

该教学课程包括上面未列出的任何与细胞/细胞生物学和解剖科学相关的课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program not listed above that relates to Cell/cellular biology and anatomical sciences.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 细胞和发育生物学 cell and developmental biology

  • 其他细胞/细胞生物学和解剖学 other cell/cellular biology and anatomical sciences

26.05 - 微生物科学和免疫学 Microbiological sciences and immunology

该子系列包括教学课程类别 26.0502 至 26.0599。 This subseries comprises instructional program classes 26.0502 to 26.0599.

26.0502 - 微生物学，一般 Microbiology, general

该教学课程包括任何专注于单细胞生物和菌落、亚细胞遗传物质及其与人类和其他生命的生态相互作用的科学研究的课程。这些课程包括微生物遗传学、细胞生物学、细胞生理学、病毒学、病原微生物学、环境微生物学、免疫学、生物统计学、生物信息学和包括显微镜在内的实验室方法课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of unicellular organisms and colonies, and subcellular genetic matter and their ecological interactions with human beings and other life. These programs include courses in microbial genetics, cell biology, cell physiology, virology, pathogenic microbiology, environmental microbiology, immunology, biostatistics, bioinformatics, and laboratory methods including microscopy.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 微生物学 microbiology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 医学微生物学(26.0503) medical microbiology(26.0503)

  • 医学微生物学 - 研究金(61.1811) medical microbiology - fellowship(61.1811)

  • 微生物学和免疫学(26.0508) microbiology and immunology(26.0508)

  • 土壤微生物学（01.1203） soil microbiology(01.1203)

  • 兽医微生物学和免疫生物学（Cert., MS, MSc, PhD）(01.8107) veterinary microbiology and immunobiology (Cert., MS, MSc, PhD)(01.8107)

26.0503 - 医学微生物学和细菌学 Medical microbiology and bacteriology

该教学课程包括任何专注于致病菌科学研究的课程，这些致病菌是导致或促进人类疾病的重要因素。这些课程包括细菌性疾病的发病机制、细菌遗传学和生理学、细菌解剖学和结构、抗原、细菌繁殖、细菌粘附、吞噬细胞以及新的或突变的细菌和细菌制剂的鉴定等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of pathogenic bacteria that are significant factors in causing or facilitating human disease. These programs include courses in the pathogenesis of bacterial diseases, bacterial genetics and physiology, bacterial anatomy and structure, antigens, bacterial reproduction, bacterial adhesion, phagocytes, and the identification of new or mutated bacteria and bacterial agents.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 细菌学 bacteriology

  • 医学微生物学 medical microbiology

  • 医学微生物学和细菌学 medical microbiology and bacteriology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 医学微生物学 - 研究金(61.1811) medical microbiology - fellowship(61.1811)

  • 医学微生物学与免疫学(26.0508) medical microbiology and immunology(26.0508)

  • 微生物和真核遗传学(26.0803) microbial and eukaryotic genetics(26.0803)

  • 微生物学（26.0502） microbiology(26.0502)

  • 微生物学和免疫学(26.0508) microbiology and immunology(26.0508)

26.0504 - 病毒学 Virology

该教学课程包括任何专注于遗传物质亚细胞片段（称为病毒）的科学研究的课程，这些遗传物质以寄生关系寄生在活细胞中及其在疾病中的作用。这些课程包括病毒分类学和系统学、病毒结构、病毒遗传学、朊病毒、病毒/宿主细胞相互作用、病毒发病机制以及癌症生物学等特定主题的应用课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of subcellular pieces of genetic material, called viruses, that inhabit living cells in parasitical relationships and their role in disease. These programs include courses in virus taxonomy and systematics, viral structures, viral genetics, prions, virus/host cell interaction, viral pathogenesis, and applications to specific topics such as cancer biology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 病毒学 virology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 计算机系统安全(11.1003) computer systems security(11.1003)

  • 医学微生物学(26.0503) medical microbiology(26.0503)

  • 微生物学和免疫学(26.0508) microbiology and immunology(26.0508)

26.0505 - 寄生虫学 Parasitology

该教学课程包括任何专注于对生活在与宿主生物的生态剥削和竞争关系中的生物有机体进行科学研究的课程，以及寄生虫在造成伤害、疾病和环境破坏中的作用。这些课程包括媒介生物学、免疫寄生虫学、医学寄生虫学、寄生虫关联的分子生物学、兽医和比较寄生虫学、化学治疗学以及生态和系统寄生虫学等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of biological organisms living in ecologically exploitative and competitive relationships with host organisms, and the role of parasites in causing injury, disease, and environmental damage. These programs include courses in vector biology, immunoparasitology, medical parasitology, molecular biology of parasitical associations, veterinary and comparative parasitology, chemotherapeutics, and ecological and systematic parasitology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 寄生虫学 parasitology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 微生物学和免疫学(26.0508) microbiology and immunology(26.0508)

  • 植物保护(01.1105) plant protection(01.1105)

  • 病毒学（26.0504） virology(26.0504)

26.0506 - 真菌学 Mycology

该教学课程包括任何专注于真菌、地衣植物、真核微生物、粘菌纲和疟原虫及其与高等植物、动物和人类疾病以及药理学有用产品的关系的科学研究的课程。这些课程包括细胞和分子生物学课程；组织病理学；真菌生长和行为；环境真菌学；抗真菌敏感性；真菌病;病原体和发病机制；药理特性；以及计算机和实验室研究方法。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of fungi, lichenous plants, eukaryotic microorganisms, myxomycetes, and plasmodiophorales and their relationship to diseases in higher plants, animals, and human beings as well as to pharmacologically useful products. These programs include courses in cell and molecular biology; histopathology; fungal growth and behaviour; environmental mycology; antifungal sensitivity; mycoses; pathogens and pathogenesis; pharmacological properties; and computer and laboratory research methods.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 真菌学 mycology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 微生物学（26.0502） microbiology(26.0502)

  • 植物保护(01.1105) plant protection(01.1105)

26.0507 - 免疫学 Immunology

该教学课程包括任何专注于对疾病发病机制、宿主-病原体相互作用和宿主对疾病的反应所涉及的生物学机制进行科学研究的课程。这些课程包括抗原和抗体结构和功能、效应机制、受体、组织相容性、宿主-病原体识别、疾病建模、自身免疫系统、抗体形成、细胞毒性反应、免疫反应调节、毒力决定因素、细胞间信号传导、免疫抑制、免疫疗法等课程、免疫遗传学、疾病标志物、移植、抗体人源化和微生物发病机制。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on scientific study of the biological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of disease, host-pathogen interactions, and host response to disease. These programs include courses in antigen and antibody structure and function, effector mechanisms, receptors, histocompatibility, host-pathogen recognition, disease modelling, autoimmune systems, antibody formation, cytotoxic responses, regulation of immune response, virulence determinants, intercellular signalling, immunosuppression, immunotherapy, immunogenetics, disease markers, transplantation, antibody humanization, and microbial pathogenesis.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 免疫学 immunology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 免疫病理学 - 研究金(61.1809) immunopathology - fellowship(61.1809)

  • 微生物学（26.0502） microbiology(26.0502)

  • 微生物学和免疫学(26.0508) microbiology and immunology(26.0508)

  • 寄生虫学（26.0505） parasitology(26.0505)

  • 病毒学（26.0504） virology(26.0504)

26.0508 - 微生物学和免疫学 Microbiology and immunology

该教学课程包括任何专注于引起疾病的微生物和宿主对它们的免疫反应的科学研究的课程。这些课程包括微生物学、微生物遗传学、分子病毒学、致病细菌学、疾病机制、免疫学、免疫遗传学、自身免疫和生物信息学课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the microorganisms that cause disease and the host immune response to them. These programs include courses in microbiology, microbial genetics, molecular virology, pathogenic bacteriology, disease mechanisms, immunology, immunogenetics, autoimmunity, and bioinformatics.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 结合微生物学和免疫学 combined microbiology and immunology

  • 医学微生物学和免疫学 medical microbiology and immunology

  • 微生物学和免疫学 microbiology and immunology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 免疫学(26.0507) immunology(26.0507)

  • 免疫病理学 - 研究金(61.1809) immunopathology - fellowship(61.1809)

  • 医学微生物学(26.0503) medical microbiology(26.0503)

  • 医学微生物学和细菌学（26.0503） medical microbiology and bacteriology(26.0503)

  • 微生物学（26.0502） microbiology(26.0502)

  • 寄生虫学（26.0505） parasitology(26.0505)

  • 兽医微生物学和免疫生物学（Cert., MS, MSc, PhD）(01.8107) veterinary microbiology and immunobiology (Cert., MS, MSc, PhD)(01.8107)

  • 病毒学（26.0504） virology(26.0504)

26.0509 - 传染病和全球健康 Infectious disease and global health

该教学课程包括任何专注于导致传染病的起因和传播的生物、社会和行为因素的课程。这些课程包括研究设计和评估、传染病流行病学、国际卫生政策和管理、微生物学、微生物遗传学、分子病毒学、疾病机制、抗菌素耐药性、免疫学和生物恐怖主义等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the biological, social, and behavioural factors contributing to the cause and spread of infectious diseases. These programs include courses in research design and evaluation, infectious disease epidemiology, international health policy and management, microbiology, microbial genetics, molecular virology, disease mechanisms, antimicrobial resistance, immunology, and bioterrorism.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 全球健康与传染病 global health and infectious disease

  • 传染病和全球健康 infectious disease and global health

26.0599 - 微生物科学和免疫学，其他 Microbiological sciences and immunology, other

该教学课程包括上面未列出的任何与微生物科学和免疫学相关的课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program not listed above that relates to Microbiological sciences and immunology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 应用微生物学 applied microbiology

  • 工业微生物学 industrial microbiology

  • 传染病与免疫学 infectious disease and immunology

  • 传染病和医学微生物学 infectious disease and medical microbiology

  • 传染病和微生物学 infectious disease and microbiology

  • 其他微生物科学和免疫学 other microbiological sciences and immunology

26.07 - 动物学/动物生物学 Zoology/animal biology

该子系列包括教学课程类别 26.0701 至 26.0799。 This subseries comprises instructional program classes 26.0701 to 26.0799.

26.0701 - 动物学/动物生物学，一般 Zoology/animal biology, general

该教学计划课程包括任何侧重于动物物种和门的生物学科学研究的一般计划，参考它们的分子和细胞系统、解剖学、生理学和行为。这些课程包括分子和细胞生物学、微生物学、解剖学和生理学、生态学和行为学、进化生物学以及特定物种和门类的应用课程。 This instructional program class comprises any general program that focuses on the scientific study of the biology of animal species and phyla, with reference to their molecular and cellular systems, anatomy, physiology, and behaviour. These programs include courses in molecular and cell biology, microbiology, anatomy and physiology, ecology and behaviour, evolutionary biology, and applications to specific species and phyla.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 动物生物学 animal biology

  • 动物学 zoology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 动物育种(01.0902) animal breeding(01.0902)

  • 动物保健(01.0903) animal health(01.0903)

  • 动物科学(01.0901) animal sciences(01.0901)

  • 人类动物学（30.3401） anthrozoology(30.3401)

  • 人类生物学(30.2701) human biology(30.2701)

  • 野生动物生物学(26.0709) wildlife biology(26.0709)

  • 动物医学 - 住院医师 (60.0317) zoological medicine - residency(60.0317)

26.0702 - 昆虫学 Entomology

该教学课程包括任何专注于昆虫物种和种群在其生命周期、形态学、遗传学、生理学、生态学、分类学、种群动态以及环境和经济影响方面的科学研究的课程。这些课程包括适用的生物和物理科学课程以及昆虫毒理学和昆虫种群的生化控制课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of insect species and populations in respect of their life cycles, morphology, genetics, physiology, ecology, taxonomy, population dynamics, and environmental and economic impacts. These programs include courses in applicable biological and physical sciences as well as insect toxicology and the biochemical control of insect populations.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 昆虫学 entomology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生态（26.1301） ecology(26.1301)

  • 植物保护(01.1105) plant protection(01.1105)

26.0707 - 动物生理学 Animal physiology

该教学课程包括任何专注于动物物种中脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的功能、形态、调节和细胞间通讯和动力学的科学研究的课程，以及对智人及其亲属和祖先的比较应用。这些课程包括繁殖、生长、哺乳、消化、表现、行为适应、感官知觉、运动行为、系统发育学、生物和非生物功能、膜生物学以及生物化学和生物物理学的相关方面的课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of function, morphology, regulation, and intercellular communications and dynamics within vertebrate and invertebrate in animal species, with comparative applications to homo sapiens and its relatives and antecedents. These programs include courses in reproduction, growth, lactation, digestion, performance, behavioural adaptation, sensory perception, motor action, phylogenetics, biotic and abiotic function, membrane biology, and related aspects of biochemistry and biophysics.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 动物生理学 animal physiology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 动物科学(01.0901) animal sciences(01.0901)

  • 细胞生理学(26.0903) cell physiology(26.0903)

  • 运动生理学（26.0908） exercise physiology(26.0908)

  • 分子生理学(26.0902) molecular physiology(26.0902)

  • 生理学（26.0901） physiology(26.0901)

  • 生殖生理学(26.0905) reproductive physiology(26.0905)

  • 兽医生理学（Cert., MS, MSc., PhD）(01.8109) veterinary physiology (Cert., MS, MSc., PhD)(01.8109)

26.0708 - 动物行为和行为学 Animal behaviour and ethology

该教学课程包括任何专注于动物感觉、知觉、认知、行为和物种内外行为互动的心理和神经学基础的科学研究的课程。这些课程包括行为学、行为神经科学、神经生物学、行为进化、认知和感官知觉、动机、学习和本能、荷尔蒙控制、生殖和发育生物学、社区生态学、功能行为以及对特定行为和模式的应用以及到特定的门和物种。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the psychological and neurological bases of animal sensation, perception, cognition, behaviour, and behavioural interactions within and outside the species. These programs include courses in ethology, behavioural neuroscience, neurobiology, behavioural evolution, cognition and sensory perception, motivators, learning and instinct, hormonal controls, reproductive and developmental biology, community ecology, functional behaviour, and applications to specific behaviours and patterns as well as to specific phyla and species.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 动物行为 animal behaviour

  • 行为学 ethology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 动物科学(01.0901) animal sciences(01.0901)

  • 动物训练(01.0505) animal training(01.0505)

  • 行为科学(30.1701) behavioural science(30.1701)

  • 兽医行为学家 - 住院医师 (60.0319) veterinary behaviourist - residency(60.0319)

26.0709 - 野生动物生物学 Wildlife biology

该教学课程包括任何侧重于将生物学原理应用于研究偏远和城市地区的脊椎动物、野生动物栖息地和相关生态系统的课程。这些课程包括动物生态学课程；适应生物学；城市生态系统；自然和人工栖息地管理；湖沼学；野生动物病理学；和脊椎动物学专业，如哺乳动物学、爬虫学、鱼类学、鸟类学等。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the application of biological principles to the study of vertebrate wildlife, wildlife habitats, and related ecosystems in remote and urban areas. These programs include courses in animal ecology; adaptational biology; urban ecosystems; natural and artificial habitat management; limnology; wildlife pathology; and vertebrate zoological specializations such as mammalogy, herpetology, ichthyology, ornithology, and others.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 鱼类和野生动物生物学 fish and wildlife biology

  • 野生动物生物学 wildlife biology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 动物生物学(26.0701) animal biology(26.0701)

  • 海洋生物学(26.1302) marine biology(26.1302)

  • 野生动物研究(03.0601) wildlife studies(03.0601)

26.0799 - 动物学/动物生物学，其他 Zoology/animal biology, other

该教学课程包括上面未列出的与动物学/动物生物学相关的任何课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program not listed above that relates to Zoology/animal biology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 其他动物学/动物生物学 other zoology/animal biology

26.08 - 遗传学 Genetics

该子系列包括教学课程类别 26.0801 至 26.0899。 This subseries comprises instructional program classes 26.0801 to 26.0899.

26.0801 - 遗传学，一般 Genetics, general

该教学计划课程包括任何一般计划，这些计划侧重于对各种复杂程度的生物有机体中可遗传信息的组织、重组、功能、调节和传递进行科学研究。这些课程包括孟德尔遗传学、基因调控机制、染色体结构和复制、表观遗传现象、DNA 修复和重组、性别决定、基因组之间的遗传相互作用以及分子进化等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any general program that focuses on the scientific study of the organization, recombination, function, regulation, and transmission of heritable information in biological organisms at all levels of complexity. These programs include courses in Mendelian genetics, mechanisms of gene regulation, chromosome structure and replication, epigenetic phenomena, DNA repair and recombination, sex determination, genetic interactions between genomes, and molecular evolution.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 遗传学 genetics

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 动物遗传学(26.0804) animal genetics(26.0804)

  • 生物医学工程(14.0501) biomedical engineering(14.0501)

  • 临床生化遗传学 - 住院医师（61.0901） clinical biochemical genetics - residency(61.0901)

  • 临床遗传学 - 住院医师（61.0902） clinical genetics - residency(61.0902)

  • 遗传咨询(51.1509) genetic counselling(51.1509)

  • 基因工程(14.0501) genetic engineering(14.0501)

  • 人类遗传学(26.0806) human genetics(26.0806)

  • 实验室遗传学和基因组学 - 住院医师 (61.0903) laboratory genetics and genomics - residency(61.0903)

  • 医学生化遗传学 - 住院医师（61.0904） medical biochemical genetics - residency(61.0904)

  • 分子遗传病理学 - 研究金(61.1812) molecular genetic pathology - fellowship(61.1812)

  • 分子遗传学(26.0802) molecular genetics(26.0802)

26.0802 - 分子遗传学 Molecular genetics

该教学课程包括任何专注于对生物体（包括细菌、噬菌体和病毒）的遗传结构和机制进行科学研究的课程。这些课程包括有关 DNA、RNA 和蛋白质中可遗传信息的复制、表达、转移、结构、维护和稳定性的课程；这些过程的监管；和神经遗传学。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of genetic structures and mechanisms of organisms, including bacteria, phages, and viruses. These programs include courses in the replication, expression, transfer, structure, maintenance, and stability of heritable information in DNA, RNA, and proteins; the regulation of these processes; and neurogenetics.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 分子遗传学 molecular genetics

  • 神经遗传学 neurogenetics

  • 蛋白质表达 protein expression

  • 蛋白质组学 proteomics

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 临床分子遗传学 - 住院医师（61.0903） clinical molecular genetics - residency(61.0903)

  • 细胞遗传学(26.0899) cytogenetics(26.0899)

  • 基因治疗(51.0914) gene therapy(51.0914)

  • 遗传咨询(51.1509) genetic counselling(51.1509)

  • 基因工程(14.0501) genetic engineering(14.0501)

  • 遗传学（26.0801） genetics(26.0801)

  • 基因组学（26.0807） genomics(26.0807)

  • 人类遗传学(26.0806) human genetics(26.0806)

  • 分子生物学(26.0204) molecular biology(26.0204)

  • 分子遗传病理学 - 研究金(61.1812) molecular genetic pathology - fellowship(61.1812)

  • 分子医学(26.1401) molecular medicine(26.1401)

26.0803 - 微生物和真核遗传学 Microbial and eukaryotic genetics

该教学课程包括任何专注于病毒、传染原、细胞器、核基因组、真细菌、古细菌和真核生物遗传学科学研究的课程。这些课程包括分子遗传学和进化课程；基因层面的寄生和共生相互作用；表观遗传现象；微生物相互作用；和基因组学。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the genetics of viruses, infectious agents, organelles, nuclear genomes, eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotic organisms. These programs include courses in molecular genetics and evolution; parasitic and symbiotic interaction at the genetic level; epigenetic phenomena; microbial interactions; and genomics.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 微生物和真核遗传学 microbial and eukaryotic genetics

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 遗传学（26.0801） genetics(26.0801)

  • 医学微生物学(26.0503) medical microbiology(26.0503)

  • 微生物学（26.0502） microbiology(26.0502)

26.0804 - 动物遗传学 Animal genetics

该教学课程包括任何专注于从实验、比较和临床（兽医和医学）角度对多细胞动物生命形式的遗传学进行科学研究的课程。这些课程包括分子遗传学、基因表达、基因调控、基因组学、表观遗传现象、DNA 重组和修复、微生物和更高水平的遗传相互作用以及分子进化等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the genetics of multicellular animal life forms from the experimental, comparative, and clinical (veterinary and medical) viewpoints. These programs include courses in molecular genetics, gene expression, gene regulation, genomics, epigenetic phenomena, DNA recombination and repair, genetic interactions at the microbial and higher levels, and molecular evolution.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 动物遗传学 animal genetics

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 动物育种(01.0902) animal breeding(01.0902)

  • 畜牧业(01.0302) animal husbandry(01.0302)

  • 动物科学(01.0901) animal sciences(01.0901)

  • 人类遗传学(26.0806) human genetics(26.0806)

  • theriogenology - 居住（60.0315） theriogenology - residency(60.0315)

26.0805 - 植物遗传学 Plant genetics

该教学课程包括任何专注于与植物学研究相关的多细胞植物和真菌遗传学科学研究以及在比较遗传学、生态学和进化研究、临床研究和工业研究中的应用的课程。这些课程包括分子遗传学、基因表达、基因调控、基因组学、表观遗传现象、DNA 重组和修复、微生物和更高水平的遗传相互作用以及分子进化等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the genetics of multicellular plants and fungi as related to botanical research as well as to applications in comparative genetics, ecology and evolutionary studies, clinical studies, and industrial research. These programs include courses in molecular genetics, gene expression, gene regulation, genomics, epigenetic phenomena, DNA recombination and repair, genetic interactions at the microbial and higher levels, and molecular evolution.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 植物遗传学 plant genetics

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 植物学(26.0301) botany(26.0301)

  • 遗传学（26.0801） genetics(26.0801)

  • 植物育种(01.1104) plant breeding(01.1104)

  • 植物科学(01.1101) plant sciences(01.1101)

26.0806 - 人类/医学遗传学 Human/medical genetics

该教学课程包括从临床诊断、基因工程和治疗、移植以及遗传疾病和残疾及其防御研究等医学应用的角度关注人类遗传学科学研究的任何课程。这些课程包括人类分子遗传学课程；导致疾病的遗传因素；发育、分化和发病过程中基因表达的变化；重组DNA；基因治疗;临床遗传学；遗传流行病学；免疫遗传学；细胞遗传学；特定障碍和疾病的遗传学。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of human genetics from the standpoint of medical applications such as clinical diagnosis, genetic engineering and therapy, transplantation, and the study of genetic diseases and disabilities and their defence. These programs include courses in human molecular genetics; genetic factors causing disease; changes in gene expression during development, differentiation, and pathogenesis; recombinant DNA; gene therapy; clinical genetics; genetic epidemiology; immunogenetics; cytogenetics; and genetics of specific disorders and diseases.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 人类遗传学 human genetics

  • 医学遗传学 medical genetics

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 动物遗传学(26.0804) animal genetics(26.0804)

  • 基因治疗(51.0914) gene therapy(51.0914)

  • 遗传咨询(51.1509) genetic counselling(51.1509)

  • 基因工程(14.0501) genetic engineering(14.0501)

  • 遗传学（26.0801） genetics(26.0801)

  • 医学生化遗传学 - 住院医师（61.0904） medical biochemical genetics - residency(61.0904)

  • 公共卫生遗传学(51.2214) public health genetics(51.2214)

26.0807 - 基因组科学/基因组学 Genome sciences/genomics

该教学课程包括任何专注于全基因组序列和基因表达模式科学研究的课程。这些课程包括分子和细胞生物学、遗传学、蛋白质技术、基因组科学和技术、生物信息学以及科学和研究伦理学课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of whole genome sequences and patterns of gene expression. These programs include courses in molecular and cellular biology, genetics, protein technologies, genomic sciences and techniques, bioinformatics, and scientific and research ethics.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 基因组科学 genome sciences

  • 基因组学 genomics

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 分子遗传学(26.0802) molecular genetics(26.0802)

26.0899 - 遗传学，其他 Genetics, other

该教学计划类别包括上面未列出的与遗传学相关的任何计划。 This instructional program class comprises any program not listed above that relates to Genetics.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 细胞遗传学 cytogenetics

  • 其他遗传学 other genetics

26.09 - 生理学、病理学及相关科学 Physiology, pathology and related sciences

该子系列包括教学课程类别 26.0901 至 26.0999。 This subseries comprises instructional program classes 26.0901 to 26.0999.

26.0901 - 生理学，一般 Physiology, general

该教学课程包括任何一般课程，这些课程侧重于对生物体内部以及所有复杂性和集成级别的生命系统之间的功能动力学、形态学、生物化学和生物物理通信进行科学研究。这些课程包括生殖、生长、荷尔蒙作用、血管功能、呼吸、消化、感官知觉和处理、感觉运动整合、信号编码和传输、体内平衡、身体机能和功能障碍、进化生理学和疾病过程等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any general program that focuses on the scientific study of the functional dynamics, morphology, and biochemical and biophysical communications within organisms and between living systems at all levels of complexity and integration. These programs include courses in reproduction, growth, hormonal action, vascular function, respiration, digestion, sensory perception and processing, sensorimotor integration, signal encoding and conveyance, homeostasis, physical function and malfunction, evolutionary physiology, and disease processes.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 人体生理学 human physiology

  • 生理学 physiology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 航天生理学(26.0912) aerospace physiology(26.0912)

  • 动物生理学(26.0707) animal physiology(26.0707)

  • 细胞生理学(26.0903) cell physiology(26.0903)

  • 运动生理学（26.0908） exercise physiology(26.0908)

  • 植物生理学(26.0307) plant physiology(26.0307)

26.0902 - 分子生理学 Molecular physiology

该教学课程包括任何专注于亚细胞水平的动态交互过程和生化通讯科学研究的课程。这些课程包括离子通道和转运蛋白、分子信号通路、内分泌控制和调节、遗传信息传递、稳态和分子控制系统、电生理学和感觉机制、蛋白质合成以及适用的研究方法和技术等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of dynamic interactive processes and biochemical communications at the subcellular level. These programs include courses in ion channels and transporters, molecular signalling pathways, endocrine control and regulation, genetic information transfer, homeostasis and molecular control systems, electrophysiology and sensory mechanisms, protein synthesis, and applicable research methods and technologies.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 分子生理学 molecular physiology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 细胞生理学(26.0903) cell physiology(26.0903)

  • 分子生物学(26.0204) molecular biology(26.0204)

  • 分子医学(26.1401) molecular medicine(26.1401)

  • 生理学（26.0901） physiology(26.0901)

26.0903 - 细胞生理学 Cell physiology

该教学课程包括任何专注于在更大系统和整个生物体的背景下对细胞内和细胞间运作的生理过程以及细胞内通讯和行为进行科学研究的课程。这些课程包括细胞和分子生物学、分子生理学、细胞周期控制、信号转导、蛋白质结构、膜生物化学和结构、离子通道物理学、细胞呼吸和消化、分泌功能、细胞粘附和通讯、信息编码和解码等课程，以及细胞生理学与组织、器官和有机体功能的关系。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of physiological processes operating within and among cells, and intracellular communication and behaviour, in the context of larger systems and whole organisms. These programs include courses in cell and molecular biology, molecular physiology, cell cycle control, signal transduction, protein structure, membrane biochemistry and structure, ion channel physics, cell respiration and digestion, secretory functions, cell adhesion and communication, information encoding and decoding, and the relation of cell physiology to tissue, organ, and organismic functioning.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 细胞生理学 cell physiology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 细胞生物学(26.0401) cellular biology(26.0401)

  • 分子生理学(26.0902) molecular physiology(26.0902)

  • 生理学（26.0901） physiology(26.0901)

26.0904 - 内分泌学 Endocrinology

该教学课程包括任何专注于细胞和腺体蛋白质化合物的组成、制造和分泌以及内分泌物质在身体过程中的作用的科学研究的课程。这些课程包括蛋白质化学、蛋白质分泌、膜生物发生和转移方法、细胞通讯、基因和细胞调节、细胞化学、分馏、放射自显影以及神经内分泌学等应用课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the composition, manufacture, and secretion of protein compounds by cells and glands and the role of endocrine substances in bodily processes. These programs include courses in protein chemistry, protein secretion, membrane biogenesis and transfer methods, cellular communication, gene and cell regulation, cytochemistry, fractionation, radioautography, and applications such as neuroendocrinology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 内分泌学 endocrinology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 内分泌学和新陈代谢 - 研究金(61.0806) endocrinology and metabolism - fellowship(61.0806)

  • 儿科内分泌学 - 奖学金 (61.1909) pediatric endocrinology - fellowship(61.1909)

  • 生殖内分泌学 - 研究金(61.1304) reproductive endocrinology - fellowship(61.1304)

26.0905 - 生殖生物学 Reproductive biology

该教学课程包括任何专注于动物和人类生殖过程和生物发生科学研究的课程。这些课程包括生殖生态学和行为、生殖系统生理学、内分泌学、发育生物学、神经内分泌学、生殖系统的进化和类型、生殖遗传学、生殖过程的生理病理学以及分子生物学和生物物理学在生殖生理学研究中的应用。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of reproductive processes and biogenesis in animals and human beings. These programs include courses in reproductive ecology and behaviour, reproductive system physiology, endocrinology, developmental biology, neuroendocrinology, evolution and types of reproductive systems, reproductive genetics, physiopathology of reproductive processes, and applications of molecular biology and biophysics to the study of reproductive physiology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 生殖生物学 reproductive biology

  • 生殖生理学 reproductive physiology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 动物育种(01.0902) animal breeding(01.0902)

  • 动物遗传学(26.0804) animal genetics(26.0804)

  • 生物学（26.0101） biology(26.0101)

  • 遗传学（26.0801） genetics(26.0801)

  • 人类生物学(30.2701) human biology(30.2701)

  • 人类遗传学(26.0806) human genetics(26.0806)

  • 医学生物学(26.0102) medical biology(26.0102)

  • 妇产科 - 住院医师 (61.1301) obstetrics and gynecology - residency(61.1301)

  • 生殖不育 - 研究金(61.1304) reproductive infertility - fellowship(61.1304)

  • theriogenology - 居住（60.0315） theriogenology - residency(60.0315)

26.0907 - 心血管科学 Cardiovascular science

该教学课程包括任何专注于动物和人类心脏、血管系统和血液的结构和功能以及与心血管系统相关的障碍和疾病的科学研究的课程。这些课程包括心血管生理学、血液生理学、脉管系统、血管代谢、心血管功能的神经控制、微血管通透性和膜转运、心脏收缩机制、稳态以及在动脉硬化、心脏病、糖尿病、血管重塑等主题中的应用课程，移植、输血、心脏起搏器和人造器官。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the structure and functioning of the heart, vascular system, and blood in animals and human beings and the disorders and diseases associated with the cardiovascular system. These programs include courses in cardiovascular physiology, blood physiology, vasculature, vascular metabolism, neural control of cardiovascular function, microvascular permeability and membrane transport, cardiac contraction mechanisms, homeostasis, and applications to topics such as arteriosclerosis, heart disease, diabetes, vascular remodelling, transplantation, transfusion, and pacemakers and artificial organs.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 心血管科学 cardiovascular science

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 心肺技术（51.0915） cardiopulmonary technology(51.0915)

  • 心血管疾病 - 研究金(61.0804) cardiovascular disease - fellowship(61.0804)

  • 心血管技师(51.0901) cardiovascular technician(51.0901)

  • 儿科心脏病学 - 研究金(61.1906) pediatric cardiology - fellowship(61.1906)

26.0908 - 运动生理学 Exercise physiology

燃料利用；特定练习和活动的生理学；运动力学的神经生理学；损伤生理学；该教学课程包括任何专注于对身体或运动活动所涉及的生理过程进行科学研究的课程，包括感觉运动相互作用、反应机制以及损伤、疾病和残疾的影响。以及残疾和疾病的影响。全身生理反应（呼吸、血流、内分泌等）；这些课程包括肌肉和骨骼解剖学课程；疲劳和疲惫；肌肉收缩的分子和细胞基础；肌肉和身体训练； This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the physiological processes involved in physical or motor activity, including sensorimotor interactions, response mechanisms, and the effects of injury, disease, and disability. These programs include courses in muscular and skeletal anatomy; molecular and cellular basis of muscle contraction; fuel utilization; neurophysiology of motor mechanics; systemic physiological responses (respiration, blood flow, endocrine secretions, and others); fatigue and exhaustion; muscle and body training; physiology of specific exercises and activities; physiology of injury; and the effects of disabilities and disease.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 运动生理学 exercise physiology

  • 运动生理学和运动机能学 exercise physiology and kinesiology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 人体动力学(31.0505) human kinetics(31.0505)

  • 人体生理学(26.0901) human physiology(26.0901)

  • 运动机能学和运动科学(31.0505) kinesiology and exercise science(31.0505)

  • 物理治疗(51.2308) physical therapy(51.2308)

  • 运动和锻炼研究(31.0501) sport and exercise studies(31.0501)

26.0909 - 视觉科学/生理光学 Vision science/physiological optics

该教学课程包括任何专注于视觉、视觉过程和相关现象以及临床研究和治疗方式的科学研究的课程。这些课程包括眼部解剖学和生理学、眼部微生物学、电生理学、神经生理学、角膜生理学、光化学、心理物理学、视觉生物物理学和运动系统、感觉机制和光接收、眼循环和新陈代谢、几何和物理光学、眼部发育等课程寿命、视觉刺激和感知、色觉、眼球运动、生物识别和测量技术、视觉病理学和环境问题。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of vision, visual processes, and related phenomena and clinical research and treatment modalities. These programs include courses in ocular anatomy and physiology, microbiology of the eye, electrophysiology, neurophysiology, corneal physiology, photochemistry, psychophysics, visual biophysics and motor systems, sensory mechanisms and photoreception, eye circulation and metabolism, geometric and physical optics, ocular development across the lifespan, visual stimuli and perception, colour vision, eye motility, biometrics and measurement techniques, visual pathology, and environmental issues.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 生理光学 physiological optics

  • 视觉科学 vision science

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 激光与光学技术(15.0304) laser and optical technology(15.0304)

  • 眼科 - 住院医师 (61.1401) ophthalmology - residency(61.1401)

  • 光学科学（40.0807） optical science(40.0807)

  • 验光助理(51.1802) optometric assistant(51.1802)

  • 验光(51.1701) optometry(51.1701)

  • 光学正交(51.1804) orthoptics(51.1804)

26.0910 - 病理学/实验病理学 Pathology/experimental pathology

该教学课程包括任何专注于组织损伤和疾病（包括死亡）的表达、启动、维持和进展的科学研究的课程，以及发病机制与基本分子和细胞机制的关系。这些课程包括免疫学、微生物学、基因表达、炎症、细胞损伤、细胞凋亡、免疫病理学、疾病和毒素分子标记、肿瘤形成、生长调节以及器官和系统特异性研究等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the expression, initiation, maintenance and progression of tissue injury and disease, including death, and the relationship of pathogenesis to fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms. These programs include courses in immunology, microbiology, gene expression, inflammation, cell injury, apoptosis, immunopathology, molecular markers of disease and toxins, neoplasia, growth regulation, and organ- and system-specific investigations.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 实验病理学 experimental pathology

  • 病理学 pathology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 分子遗传病理学 - 研究金(61.1812) molecular genetic pathology - fellowship(61.1812)

  • 病理学 - 住院医师 (61.1801) pathology - residency(61.1801)

  • 病理助理(51.0811) pathology assistant(51.0811)

  • 儿科病理学 - 研究金(61.1814) pediatric pathology - fellowship(61.1814)

26.0911 - 肿瘤学和癌症生物学 Oncology and cancer biology

该教学课程包括任何专注于致癌物科学研究的课程；细胞、组织、血液和器官中恶性肿瘤的发作；癌症的遗传学；癌细胞的解剖学和生理学；以及癌症行为和治疗的研究。这些课程包括基因表达课程；癌基因和抑癌基因；病毒基因和癌症扩散；调节信号转导；癌蛋白；癌细胞中的激素和生长因子；肿瘤促进、进展和转移；致癌物受体和代谢；致癌生态学；免疫靶向；以及遗传学、化学、放射学和其他治疗疗法的研究。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of carcinogens; the onset of malignancy in cells, tissues, blood, and organs; the genetics of cancer; the anatomy and physiology of cancer cells; and the study of cancer behaviours and treatments. These programs include courses in gene expression; oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes; viral genes and cancer proliferation; regulation of signal transduction; cancer proteins; hormonal and growth factors in cancer cells; tumour promotion, progression, and metastasis; carcinogen receptors and metabolism; carcinogen ecology; immunological targeting; and studies of genetic, chemical, radiologic and other treatment therapies.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 癌症生物学 cancer biology

  • 肿瘤学 oncology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 肿瘤学 - 研究金(61.0813) oncology - fellowship(61.0813)

26.0912 - 航天生理学与医学 Aerospace physiology and medicine

该教学课程包括任何专注于低空和高空飞行以及生活在太空和相关低压和低重力环境中的生理过程的科学研究的课程，包括感觉运动相互作用、反应机制和影响伤害、疾病和残疾。这些课程包括解剖学、肌肉收缩的分子和细胞基础、燃料利用、运动力学的神经生理学、全身生理反应（呼吸、血流、内分泌等）、疲劳和疲惫、全身环境病理学、肌肉和身体的课程训练、特定练习和活动的生理学、受伤的生理学以及残疾和疾病的影响。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the physiological processes involved in low and high-altitude flight and living in space and related low-pressure and low-gravity environments, including sensorimotor interactions, response mechanisms, and the effects of injury, disease, and disability. These programs include courses in anatomy, molecular and cellular basis of muscle contraction, fuel utilization, neurophysiology of motor mechanics, systemic physiological responses (respiration, blood flow, endocrine secretions, and others), fatigue and exhaustion, systemic environmental pathologies, muscle and body training, physiology of specific exercises and activities, physiology of injury, and the effects of disabilities and disease.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 航天生理学 aerospace physiology

  • 航天生理学与医学 aerospace physiology and medicine

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 航天医学 - 住院医师 (61.2302) aerospace medicine - residency(61.2302)

  • 人体生理学(26.0901) human physiology(26.0901)

26.0913 - 生物力学 Biomechanics

该教学课程包括任何专注于生物系统机械方面的生物学、解剖学和机械结构和功能的课程。这些课程包括解剖学、生理学、运动机能学、力学、测量和仪器以及研究方法课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the biological, anatomical, and mechanical structure and function of the mechanical aspects of biological systems. These programs include courses in anatomy, physiology, kinesiology, mechanics, measurement and instrumentation, and research methods.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 生物力学 biomechanics

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生物力学工程(14.9999) biomechanical engineering(14.9999)

  • 运动机能学（31.0505） kinesiology(31.0505)

  • 职业生物力学(51.2306) occupational biomechanics(51.2306)

26.0999 - 生理学、病理学及相关科学，其他 Physiology, pathology and related sciences, other

本教学课程包括以上未列出的任何与生理学、病理学和相关科学相关的课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program not listed above that relates to Physiology, pathology and related sciences.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 其他生理学、病理学及相关科学 other physiology, pathology and related sciences

26.10 - 药理学和毒理学 Pharmacology and toxicology

该子系列包括教学课程类别 26.1001 至 26.1099。 This subseries comprises instructional program classes 26.1001 to 26.1099.

26.1001 - 药理学 Pharmacology

该教学课程包括任何侧重于药物对生物系统和生物体的相互作用以及药物的来源、化学性质、生物效应和治疗用途的科学研究的课程。这些课程包括药效学、药代动力学、毒理学、药物治疗学、药物作用、对药物事件的身体反应、生化增殖和分化、细胞凋亡、细胞生物学、药物化学以及特定药物和药物相互作用的研究。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of drug interactions on biological systems and organisms and the sources, chemical properties, biological effects, and therapeutic uses of drugs. These programs include courses in pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, drug therapeutics, drug action, bodily responses to drug events, biochemical proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, cell biology, medicinal chemistry, and studies of specific drugs and drug interactions.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 药理学 pharmacology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 药剂学和药物设计(51.2003) pharmaceutics and drug design(51.2003)

  • 药理学和毒理学（26.1007） pharmacology and toxicology(26.1007)

  • 药房（51.2001） pharmacy(51.2001)

  • 精神药理学(42.2709) psychopharmacology(42.2709)

  • 兽医临床药理学 - 住院医师 (60.0320) veterinary clinical pharmacology - residency(60.0320)

26.1002 - 分子药理学 Molecular pharmacology

该教学课程包括任何专注于药物在分子水平上的生化和生物物理特性及其与生物大分子和细胞结构和过程的相互作用和影响的科学研究的课程。这些课程包括分子生物学和生物物理学课程；信号转导、递质、蛋白质合成和释放的药理学；受体、蛋白质相互作用和结合；药物发现和识别；分子毒理学；药物设计；药效学；发育遗传学；和治疗策略的研究。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the biochemical and biophysical characteristics of drugs at the molecular level and their interaction with, and effects on, biological macromolecules and cellular structures and processes. These programs include courses in molecular biology and biophysics; pharmacology of signal transduction, transmitters, and protein synthesis and release; receptors, protein interaction and binding; drug discovery and recognition; molecular toxicology; drug design; pharmacodynamics; developmental genetics; and studies of therapeutic strategies.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 分子药理学 molecular pharmacology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 分子医学(26.1401) molecular medicine(26.1401)

  • 药理学（26.1001） pharmacology(26.1001)

  • 药理学和毒理学（26.1007） pharmacology and toxicology(26.1007)

  • 药房（51.2001） pharmacy(51.2001)

  • 精神药理学(42.2709) psychopharmacology(42.2709)

26.1003 - 神经药理学 Neuropharmacology

该教学课程包括任何专注于对改变大脑和中枢神经系统功能的药物进行科学研究的课程，以及此类药物对健康、疾病、感知、运动和行为的影响；以及对策和治疗疗法的发展。这些课程包括神经解剖学、神经生理学、行为神经科学、神经生物化学、神经病理学、脑功能机制、药物化学、药剂学以及特定药物和药物疗法研究等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of drugs that modify the function of the brain and central nervous system, the effects of such drugs on health, disease, perception, motor action, and behaviour; and the development of countermeasures and treatment therapies. These programs include courses in neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, behavioural neuroscience, neurobiochemistry, neuropathology, the mechanisms of brain function, medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutics, and studies of specific drugs and drug therapies.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 神经药理学 neuropharmacology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 神经科学(26.1501) neuroscience(26.1501)

  • 药理学（26.1001） pharmacology(26.1001)

  • 药理学和毒理学（26.1007） pharmacology and toxicology(26.1007)

  • 药房（51.2001） pharmacy(51.2001)

  • 精神药理学(42.2709) psychopharmacology(42.2709)

26.1004 - 毒理学 Toxicology

该教学课程包括任何专注于毒药和其他生物危害科学研究的课程；它们与生物体及其食物和呼吸系统的相互作用；及其预防、管理和应对措施。这些课程包括毒理学生物化学、毒剂和转运蛋白、毒素命运、毒代动力学和新陈代谢、毒素分类、分子毒性机制、细胞外基质和细胞功能、细菌发病机制和诱变、病理生理学和细胞凋亡、细胞应激和损伤的研究毒素，以及与毒理学问题相关的特定器官系统和生理功能的研究。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of poisons and other biohazards; their interactions with organisms and their food and respiratory systems; and their prevention, management, and counteraction. These programs include courses in toxicological biochemistry, toxic agents and transporters, toxin fate, toxicokinetics and metabolism, toxin classification, molecular toxic mechanisms, extracellular matrices and cell function, bacterial pathogenesis and mutagenesis, pathophysiology and apoptosis, cell stress and injury, studies of specific toxins, and studies of specific organ systems and physiological functions in relation to toxicological problems.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 生物医学毒理学 biomedical toxicology

  • 毒理学 toxicology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 环境毒理学(26.1006) environmental toxicology(26.1006)

  • 危废技术(15.0508) hazardous waste technology(15.0508)

  • 医学毒理学 - 研究金(61.0208) medical toxicology - fellowship(61.0208)

  • 分子毒理学(26.1005) molecular toxicology(26.1005)

  • 药理学和毒理学（26.1007） pharmacology and toxicology(26.1007)

26.1005 - 分子毒理学 Molecular toxicology

该教学课程包括任何专注于对外部污染物和毒物易感性的遗传决定因素进行科学研究的课程；毒剂与生物系统在分子和细胞水平上的相互作用；以及对策和治疗的发展。这些课程包括药物遗传学、生物分子结构、基因表达和调控、转基因建模、毒性事件信号、转录激活、诱变和致癌作用、肺毒理学、异生物质代谢、氧化应激、风险评估、分子剂量学以及特定毒素和治疗疗法。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the genetic determinants of susceptibility to external pollutants and poisons; the interaction of toxic agents with biological systems at the molecular and cellular levels; and the development of countermeasures and treatments. These programs include courses in pharmacogenetics, biomolecular structure, gene expression and regulation, transgenic modelling, toxic events signalling, transcriptional activation, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, pulmonary toxicology, xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative stress, risk assessment, molecular dosimetry, and studies of specific toxins and treatment therapies.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 分子毒理学 molecular toxicology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 分子医学(26.1401) molecular medicine(26.1401)

  • 药理学和毒理学（26.1007） pharmacology and toxicology(26.1007)

  • 毒理学（26.1004） toxicology(26.1004)

26.1006 - 环境毒理学 Environmental toxicology

该教学课程包括任何专注于与暴露于自然、工作和生活环境中的有毒化学品和系统相关的健康影响的科学研究的课程；环境毒素和毒性的管理；以及对人类、动物和植物的保护措施的发展。这些课程包括应用生态学课程；微生物学;毒素运输、归宿和降解；皮肤毒理学；生殖和遗传毒理学；大气和环境化学；金属毒理学；环境诱变剂和生物转化；养分相互作用；化学敏感性、障碍和疾病；风险评估;动物废物管理；环境卫生；和危险品管理。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the health effects associated with exposure to toxic chemicals and systems occurring in the natural, work, and living environments; the management of environmental toxins and toxicity; and the development of protections for humans, animals, and plants. These programs include courses in applied ecology; microbiology; toxin transport, fate, and degradation; dermal toxicology; reproductive and genetic toxicology; atmospheric and environmental chemistry; metals toxicology; environmental mutagens and biotransformation; nutrient interaction; chemical sensitivity, disorders, and disease; risk assessment; animal waste management; environmental health; and hazardous materials management.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 生态毒理学 ecotoxicology

  • 环境毒理学 environmental toxicology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生态（26.1301） ecology(26.1301)

  • 环境工程技术(15.0507) environmental engineering technology(15.0507)

  • 环境科学(03.0104) environmental science(03.0104)

  • 环境研究(03.0103) environmental studies(03.0103)

  • 植物保护(01.1105) plant protection(01.1105)

  • 毒理学（26.1004） toxicology(26.1004)

26.1007 - 综合药理学和毒理学 Pharmacology and toxicology, integrated

该教学课程包括任何采用综合、组合方法研究生物学和生物医学科学中的药理学和毒理学问题的课程。这些课程包括溶剂、外源代谢、化学毒性、神经毒理学、免疫药理学、生物转化、组织培养和体外研究、生物分子分析、生物活化和失活、酶调节、化学预防和化学疗法、工业和化学研究、辐射健康等主题的课程和生物信息学。 This instructional program class comprises any program with an integrated, combined approach to the study of pharmacological and toxicological issues in biology and the biomedical sciences. These programs include courses in topics such as solvents, xenobiotic metabolism, chemical toxicity, neurotoxicology, immunopharmacology, biotransformation, tissue culture and in vitro studies, biomolecular analysis, bioactivation and inactivation, enzyme regulation, chemoprevention and chemotherapy, industrial and chemical studies, radiation health, and bioinformatics.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 结合药理学和毒理学 combined pharmacology and toxicology

  • 药理学和毒理学 pharmacology and toxicology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 药理学（26.1001） pharmacology(26.1001)

  • 毒理学（26.1004） toxicology(26.1004)

26.1099 - 药理学和毒理学，其他 Pharmacology and toxicology, other

该教学课程包括上面未列出的与药理学和毒理学相关的任何课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program not listed above that relates to Pharmacology and toxicology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 其他药理学和毒理学 other pharmacology and toxicology

26.11 - 生物数学、生物信息学和计算生物学 Biomathematics, bioinformatics, and computational biology

该子系列包括教学课程类别 26.1101 至 26.1199。 This subseries comprises instructional program classes 26.1101 to 26.1199.

26.1101 - 生物测定/生物识别 Biometry/biometrics

该教学课程包括任何侧重于应用统计和其他计算方法研究生物科学和农业和自然资源相关领域问题的课程。这些课程包括计算生物学、数理统计、矩阵代数、应用微积分、实验设计、线性建模、抽样理论、随机过程、空间和时间分析、纵向分析、稀疏/不平衡数据和复杂误差以及这些主题的应用如种群遗传学、动物育种、森林遗传学、种群动态、野生动物生物统计学、生态学以及农业和自然资源管理。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the application of statistics and other computational methods to the study of problems in the biological sciences and related fields in agriculture and natural resources. These programs include courses in computational biology, mathematical statistics, matrix algebra, applied calculus, experimental design, linear modelling, sampling theory, stochastic processes, spatial and temporal analysis, longitudinal analysis, sparse/unbalanced data and complex error, and applications to such topics as population genetics, animal breeding, forest genetics, population dynamics, wildlife biometry, ecology, and agricultural and natural resource management.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 生物识别 biometrics

  • 生物测定 biometry

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生物信息学(26.1103) bioinformatics(26.1103)

  • 生物统计学（26.1102） biostatistics(26.1102)

  • 数学生物学(27.0306) mathematical biology(27.0306)

26.1102 - 生物统计学 Biostatistics

该教学课程包括任何侧重于将描述性和推论性统计应用于生物医学研究以及与人口相关的临床、公共卫生和工业问题的课程。这些课程包括数理统计、建模、临床试验方法、疾病和生存分析、纵向分析、缺失数据分析、空间分析、计算机断层扫描、生物统计学咨询以及在遗传学、肿瘤学、药代动力学、生理学、神经生物学等主题中的应用, 和生物物理学。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the application of descriptive and inferential statistics to biomedical research and clinical, public health, and industrial issues related to human populations. These programs include courses in mathematical statistics, modelling, clinical trials methodology, disease and survival analysis, longitudinal analysis, missing data analysis, spatial analysis, computer tomography, biostatistics consulting, and applications to such topics as genetics, oncology, pharmacokinetics, physiology, neurobiology, and biophysics.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 生物统计学 biostatistics

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 数学生物学(27.0306) mathematical biology(27.0306)

  • 数理统计(27.0502) mathematical statistics(27.0502)

  • 公共卫生（公共卫生硕士、公共卫生硕士）(51.2201) public health (MPH, DPH)(51.2201)

  • 统计数据（27.0501） statistics(27.0501)

26.1103 - 生物信息学 Bioinformatics

该教学课程包括任何专注于将基于计算机的技术和服务应用于生物、生物医学和生物技术研究的课程。这些课程包括算法、网络体系结构、软件设计原理、人机界面设计、可用性研究、搜索策略、数据库管理和数据挖掘、数字图像处理、计算机图形和动画、CAD、计算机编程以及实验设计应用等课程和分析以及各种生物学专业的具体定量、建模和分析研究。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the application of computer-based technologies and services to biological, biomedical, and biotechnology research. These programs include courses in algorithms, network architecture, principles of software design, human interface design, usability studies, search strategies, database management and data mining, digital image processing, computer graphics and animation, CAD, computer programming, and applications to experimental design and analysis and to specific quantitative, modelling, and analytical studies in the various biological specializations.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 生物信息学 bioinformatics

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 化学信息学(40.0512) cheminformatics(40.0512)

  • 计算生物学（26.1104） computational biology(26.1104)

  • 计算机科学(11.0701) computer science(11.0701)

  • 信息学（11.0104） informatics(11.0104)

  • 数学生物学(27.0306) mathematical biology(27.0306)

  • 医学信息学(51.2706) medical informatics(51.2706)

26.1104 - 计算生物学 Computational biology

该教学课程包括任何专注于理解生物系统的计算理论方法的课程，包括生物过程的计算模型、大型项目的计算管理、数据库开发和数据算法开发、高性能计算，以及统计和数学分析。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on computational theoretical approaches to understanding biological systems, including computational models of biological processes, computational management of large-scale projects, database development and data-algorithm development, and high-performance computing, as well as statistical and mathematical analyses.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 计算和系统生物学 computational and systems biology

  • 计算生物学 computational biology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生物信息学(26.1103) bioinformatics(26.1103)

  • 计算化学（40.0512） computational chemistry(40.0512)

  • 计算机科学(11.0701) computer science(11.0701)

  • 健康信息学（51.2706） health informatics(51.2706)

  • 数学生物学(27.0306) mathematical biology(27.0306)

  • 科学计算（30.3001） scientific computing(30.3001)

26.1199 - 生物数学、生物信息学和计算生物学，其他 Biomathematics, bioinformatics, and computational biology, other

此教学课程类别包括上面未列出的与生物数学、生物信息学和计算生物学相关的任何课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program not listed above that relates to Biomathematics, bioinformatics, and computational biology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 生物数学 biomathematics

  • 其他生物数学、生物信息学和计算生物学 other biomathematics, bioinformatics, and computational biology

26.12 - 生物技术 Biotechnology

该子系列包括教学程序类 26.1201。 This subseries comprises instructional program class 26.1201.

26.1201 - 生物技术 Biotechnology

该教学课程包括任何专注于将生物科学、生物化学和遗传学应用于制备新的和增强的农业、环境、临床和工业产品的课程，包括微生物、植物和动物的商业开发。这些课程包括生物信息学、基因鉴定、系统发育学和比较基因组学、生物无机化学、免疫测定、DNA 测序、异种移植、基因工程、工业微生物学、药物和生物开发、基于酶的生产过程、专利法、生物技术管理和营销、适用法规和生物技术伦理。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the application of the biological sciences, biochemistry, and genetics to the preparation of new and enhanced agricultural, environmental, clinical, and industrial products, including the commercial exploitation of microbes, plants, and animals. These programs include courses in bioinformatics, gene identification, phylogenetics and comparative genomics, bioinorganic chemistry, immunoassaying, DNA sequencing, xenotransplantation, genetic engineering, industrial microbiology, drug and biologic development, enzyme-based production processes, patent law, biotechnology management and marketing, applicable regulations, and biotechnology ethics.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 生物技术 biotechnology

  • 植物生物技术 plant biotechnology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 农业植物育种(01.1104) agricultural plant breeding(01.1104)

  • 生物技术员(41.0101) biology technician(41.0101)

  • 生物医学工程(14.0501) biomedical engineering(14.0501)

  • 生物医学工程技术（15.0401） biomedical engineering technology(15.0401)

  • 食品加工技术(01.1002) food processing technology(01.1002)

  • 食品科学(01.1001) food science(01.1001)

  • 植物科学技术（01.1199） plant science technology(01.1199)

26.13 - 生态学、进化论、系统学和种群生物学 Ecology, evolution, systematics and population biology

该子系列包括教学课程类别 26.1301 至 26.1399。 This subseries comprises instructional program classes 26.1301 to 26.1399.

26.1301 - 生态学 Ecology

景观和/或海洋/水生动力学；生态系统的恢复力、干扰和演替；分解;社区和栖息地动态；该教学课程包括任何专注于科学研究小规模生物系统（例如有机体）相互之间、复杂系统和整个系统以及物理和其他非生物方面的关系和相互作用的课程。有机体相互作用（共同进化、竞争、捕食）；全球和区域基本预算；他们的环境。古生态学和进化生态学。营养循环的生物和非生物调节；这些课程包括生物地球化学课程；生态生理学； This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the relationships and interactions of small-scale biological systems, such as organisms, to each other, to complex and whole systems, and to the physical and other non-biological aspects of their environments. These programs include courses in biogeochemistry; landscape and/or marine/aquatic dynamics; decomposition; global and regional elemental budgets; biotic and abiotic regulation of nutrient cycles; ecophysiology; ecosystem resilience, disturbance, and succession; community and habitat dynamics; organismal interactions (co-evolution, competition, predation); paleoecology, and evolutionary ecology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 动物生态学 animal ecology

  • 生态 ecology

  • 生态系统科学 ecosystem science

  • 城市生态系统中的园艺科学 horticulture science in urban ecosystems

  • 植物生态学 plant ecology

  • 城市生态系统 urban ecosystems

  • 野生动物生态学 wildlife ecology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生态学和进化生物学（26.1310） ecology and evolutionary biology(26.1310)

  • 环境生物学(26.1305) environmental biology(26.1305)

  • 环境科学(03.0104) environmental science(03.0104)

  • 环境研究(03.0103) environmental studies(03.0103)

  • 人类生态学(19.0101) human ecology(19.0101)

  • 自然资源保护(03.0101) natural resources conservation(03.0101)

  • 植物科学(01.1101) plant sciences(01.1101)

  • 可持续城市园艺(01.0610) sustainable urban horticulture(01.0610)

26.1302 - 海洋生物学和生物海洋学 Marine biology and biological oceanography

该教学课程包括任何专注于对栖息在海洋、沿海水域和咸水湿地的微生物、植物和动物的生态学和行为及其与物理环境的相互作用进行科学研究的课程。这些课程包括化学、物理和地质海洋学课程；分子、细胞和生化研究；海洋微生物学；海洋植物学；鱼类学；哺乳动物学；海洋种群动态和生物多样性；生殖生物学；特定物种、门类、栖息地和生态系统的研究；海洋古生态学和古生物学；以及在渔业科学和生物技术等领域的应用。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the ecology and behaviour of microbes, plants, and animals inhabiting oceans, coastal waters, and saltwater wetlands and their interactions with the physical environment. These programs include courses in chemical, physical, and geological oceanography; molecular, cellular, and biochemical studies; marine microbiology; marine botany; ichthyology; mammalogy; marine population dynamics and biodiversity; reproductive biology; studies of specific species, phyla, habitats, and ecosystems; marine paleoecology and paleontology; and applications to fields such as fisheries science and biotechnology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 生物海洋学 biological oceanography

  • 海洋生物学 marine biology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 水产养殖(01.0303) aquaculture(01.0303)

  • 生物科学(26.0101) biological sciences(26.0101)

  • 渔业生物学(26.1304) fisheries biology(26.1304)

  • 渔业科学(03.0301) fisheries science(03.0301)

  • 海洋科学（30.3201） marine sciences(30.3201)

  • 物理海洋学（40.0607） physical oceanography(40.0607)

26.1303 - 进化生物学 Evolutionary biology

该教学课程包括任何专注于遗传、发育、功能和形态模式和过程以及理论原理的科学研究的课程；以及生物体随时间的出现和突变。这些课程包括分子和形态系统学课程；遗传学和发育；进化转化；古生物学和古生物学；形态发生;突变;运动、生物力学和颅牙形态和功能；进化论；和系统生物学。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the genetic, developmental, functional, and morphological patterns and processes, and theoretical principles; and the emergence and mutation of organisms over time. These programs include courses in molecular and morphological systematics; genetics and development; evolutionary transformation; paleobiology and paleontology; morphogenesis; mutation; locomotor, biomechanical and craniodental form and function; evolutionary theory; and systematic biology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 进化生物学 evolutionary biology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 人类学(45.0201) anthropology(45.0201)

  • 生物学（26.0101） biology(26.0101)

  • 生态学和进化生物学（26.1310） ecology and evolutionary biology(26.1310)

  • 人类生物学(30.2701) human biology(30.2701)

  • 体质人类学（45.0202） physical anthropology(45.0202)

26.1304 - 水生生物学/湖沼学 Aquatic biology/limnology

该教学课程包括任何专注于对栖息于内陆淡水（如湖泊、池塘、河流、小溪、河口和湿地）的微生物、植物和动物的生态学和行为进行科学研究的课程。这些课程包括地质学和水文学课程；水生生态系统；微生物学;真菌学；植物学;鱼类学；哺乳动物学；种群生物学和生物多样性；特定物种、门类和栖息地的研究；以及在自然资源保护、渔业科学和生物技术等领域的应用。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the ecology and behaviour of microbes, plants, and animals inhabiting inland fresh waters such as lakes, ponds, rivers, creeks, estuaries, and wetlands. These programs include courses in geology and hydrology; aquatic ecosystems; microbiology; mycology; botany; ichthyology; mammalogy; population biology and biodiversity; studies of specific species, phyla, and habitats; and applications to fields such as natural resources conservation, fisheries science, and biotechnology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 水生生物学 aquatic biology

  • 水生生态 aquatic ecology

  • 淡水生态 freshwater ecology

  • 湖沼学 limnology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 水产养殖(01.0303) aquaculture(01.0303)

  • 生物科学(26.0101) biological sciences(26.0101)

  • 渔业科学(03.0301) fisheries science(03.0301)

  • 海洋生物学(26.1302) marine biology(26.1302)

26.1305 - 环境生物学 Environmental biology

该教学课程包括任何专注于与动态环境过程相关的生物种群、社区、物种和生态系统的起源、功能、关系、相互作用和自然历史的科学研究的课程。这些课程包括生物多样性、分子遗传学和基因组进化、中尺度生态学、计算生物学和建模、保护生物学、地方和全球环境变化以及恢复生态学等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the origins, functions, relationships, interactions, and natural history of living populations, communities, species, and ecosystems in relation to dynamic environmental processes. These programs include courses in biodiversity, molecular genetic and genomic evolution, meso-scale ecology, computational biology and modelling, conservation biology, local and global environmental change, and restoration ecology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 环境生物学 environmental biology

  • 环境微生物学 environmental microbiology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生物学（26.0101） biology(26.0101)

  • 生态（26.1301） ecology(26.1301)

  • 环境工程(14.1401) environmental engineering(14.1401)

  • 环境工程技术(15.0507) environmental engineering technology(15.0507)

  • 环境科学(03.0104) environmental science(03.0104)

  • 自然科学（30.1801） natural sciences(30.1801)

26.1306 - 种群生物学 Population biology

该教学课程包括任何专注于对单一物种和多物种群落的自然历史、生命周期行为和生态系统动力学以及此类种群内部和种群之间多样性的模式和原因进行科学研究的课程。这些课程包括生物统计学、种群动力学、种群和数量遗传学、RNA 和 DNA 序列、基因组学、进化生态学、自然适应和杂交、地理分化、生命史和生命周期研究以及动植物人口统计学等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the natural history, life cycle behaviour, and ecosystem dynamics of single species and multi-species communities, and the patterns and causes of diversity within and among such populations. These programs include courses in biostatistics, population dynamics, population and quantitative genetics, RNA and DNA sequences, genomics, evolutionary ecology, natural adaptation and hybridization, geographic differentiation, life history and life cycle studies, and animal and plant demography.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 种群生物学 population biology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生物学（26.0101） biology(26.0101)

  • 流行病学（26.1309） epidemiology(26.1309)

  • 人类生物学(30.2701) human biology(30.2701)

  • 人口研究（45.0501） population studies(45.0501)

  • 公共卫生（公共卫生硕士、公共卫生硕士）(51.2201) public health (MPH, DPH)(51.2201)

26.1307 - 保护生物学 Conservation biology

该教学课程包括任何专注于将生物科学应用于面对不断进步的人类社会、经济和工业压力的生物多样性、物种保护、生态可持续性和栖息地破碎化等具体问题的课程。这些课程包括生态学、环境科学、生物系统、灭绝理论、人-动物和人-植物相互作用、生态系统科学和管理、湿地保护、野外生物学、森林和野生动物生物学以及自然历史等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the application of the biological sciences to the specific problems of biodiversity, species preservation, ecological sustainability, and habitat fragmentation in the face of advancing human social, economic, and industrial pressures. These programs include courses in ecology, environmental science, biological systems, extinction theory, human-animal and human-plant interaction, ecosystem science and management, wetland conservation, field biology, forest and wildlife biology, and natural history.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 保护生物学 conservation biology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生物学（26.0101） biology(26.0101)

  • 生态（26.1301） ecology(26.1301)

  • 环境生物学(26.1305) environmental biology(26.1305)

  • 环境科学(03.0104) environmental science(03.0104)

  • 历史保护和保护(30.1201) historic preservation and conservation(30.1201)

  • 自然资源保护(03.0101) natural resources conservation(03.0101)

  • 再生资源(03.0199) renewable resources(03.0199)

  • 野生动物生物学(26.0709) wildlife biology(26.0709)

26.1308 - 系统生物学/生物系统学 Systematic biology/biological systematics

该教学课程包括任何侧重于生物分类学多样性起源和维持的原理和过程的理论和实证研究的课程；相关的生物地理和进化模式；以及对物种和谱系的起源、多样化、分布和灭绝的研究。这些课程包括系统发育分析、结构发展和分子进化、分类和分类学理论、生物命名法、分类学分配、进化论、生物调查和库存、计算机建模和数据库构建等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the theoretical and empirical study of the principles and processes underlying the origin and maintenance of biological taxonomic diversity; related biogeographical and evolutionary patterns; and studies of the origin, diversification, distribution, and extinction of species and lineages. These programs include courses in phylogenetic analysis, structural development and molecular evolution, classification and taxonomic theory, biological nomenclature, taxonomic assignment, evolutionary theory, biological surveys and inventories, computer modelling, and database building.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 生物系统学 biological systematics

  • 系统生物学 systematic biology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生物科学(26.0101) biological sciences(26.0101)

  • 生物统计学（26.1102） biostatistics(26.1102)

  • 进化生物学(26.1303) evolutionary biology(26.1303)

  • 系统科学(30.0601) systems science(30.0601)

26.1309 - 流行病学 Epidemiology

该教学课程包括任何专注于人群内部和人群之间疾病、残疾和创伤模式的科学研究以及健康管理机制的发展以预防和控制疾病爆发和伤害行为的任何课程。这些课程包括生物统计学、生物化学、分子生物学、免疫学、疾病和伤害决定因素、遗传疾病和残疾因素、行为研究、卫生服务研究、环境疾病和伤害因素以及人口研究等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of disease, disability, and trauma patterns within and across populations and the development of health management mechanisms to prevent and control disease outbreaks and injurious behaviours. These programs include courses in biostatistics, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, disease and injury determinants, genetic disease and disability factors, behavioural studies, health services research, environmental disease and injury factors, and population studies.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 流行病学 epidemiology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 疾病登记数据管理(51.0721) disease registry data management(51.0721)

  • 流行病学和生物统计学（26.1311） epidemiology and biostatistics(26.1311)

  • 免疫学(26.0507) immunology(26.0507)

  • 公共卫生（公共卫生硕士、公共卫生硕士）(51.2201) public health (MPH, DPH)(51.2201)

  • 公共卫生医学 - 住院医师 (61.2301) public health medicine - residency(61.2301)

  • 兽医流行病学（01.8110） veterinary epidemiology(01.8110)

  • 病毒学（26.0504） virology(26.0504)

26.1310 - 生态学和进化生物学 Ecology and evolutionary biology

该教学课程包括任何专注于跨生物组织层次（基因和基因组、有机体、物种和生态系统）之间的关系和相互作用的科学研究的课程，以及这些课程如何随时间变化，包括物种的起源和历史，生物多样性进化的过程，以及这种进化发生的生态环境。这些课程包括动物、植物、种群、功能、进化和生态系统生态学课程；生态和进化遗传学；分子进化；人口和保护生物学；动植物多样性；生物测定；以及科学和研究伦理。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the relationships and interactions across levels of biological organization - genes and genomes, organisms, species, and ecosystems - and how these change over time, including the origins and history of species, the processes by which biodiversity has evolved, and the ecological context in which this evolution takes place. These programs include courses in animal, plant, population, functional, evolutionary, and ecosystem ecology; ecological and evolutionary genetics; molecular evolution; population and conservation biology; animal and plant diversity; biometry; and scientific and research ethics.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 结合生态学和进化生物学 combined ecology and evolutionary biology

  • 生态学和进化生物学 ecology and evolutionary biology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生态（26.1301） ecology(26.1301)

  • 进化生物学(26.1303) evolutionary biology(26.1303)

26.1311 - 流行病学和生物统计学 Epidemiology and biostatistics

该教学课程包括任何具有流行病学和生物统计学综合综合或从流行病学和生物统计学中汲取专业知识的课程。这些课程包括生物统计学、疾病和伤害决定因素、流行病学、卫生服务研究、病理学、空间分析和统计学课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program with a general synthesis of epidemiology and biostatistics or a specialization which draws from epidemiology and biostatistics. These programs include courses in biostatistics, disease and injury determinants, epidemiology, health services research, pathology, spatial analysis, and statistics.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 生物统计学和流行病学 biostatistics and epidemiology

  • 流行病学和生物统计学 epidemiology and biostatistics

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 生物统计学（26.1102） biostatistics(26.1102)

  • 流行病学（26.1309） epidemiology(26.1309)

26.1399 - 生态学、进化论、系统学和种群生物学，其他 Ecology, evolution, systematics and population biology, other

该教学课程包括上面未列出的与生态学、进化论、系统学和种群生物学相关的任何课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program not listed above that relates to Ecology, evolution, systematics and population biology.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 其他生态学、进化论、系统学和种群生物学 other ecology, evolution, systematics and population biology

26.14 - 分子医学 Molecular medicine

该子系列包括教学程序类 26.1401。 This subseries comprises instructional program class 26.1401.

26.1401 - 分子医学 Molecular medicine

该教学课程包括任何专注于疾病分子和细胞基础的科学研究，以及将这些知识应用于开发新的临床和诊断工具、药物和疗法的课程。这些课程包括细胞生物学、分子生物学、生理学、药理学、生物化学、遗传学、病理学、分子免疫学、研究和定量方法以及生物医学研究计算等课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the molecular and cellular basis of disease, and the application of this knowledge to the development of new clinical and diagnostic tools, medications, and therapies. These programs include courses in cell biology, molecular biology, physiology, pharmacology, biochemistry, genetics, pathology, molecular immunology, research and quantitative methods, and biomedical research computing.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 分子医学 molecular medicine

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 细胞和分子生物学(26.0406) cellular and molecular biology(26.0406)

  • 临床分子遗传学 - 住院医师（61.0903） clinical molecular genetics - residency(61.0903)

  • 分子生物学(26.0204) molecular biology(26.0204)

  • 分子遗传病理学 - 研究金(61.1812) molecular genetic pathology - fellowship(61.1812)

  • 分子遗传学(26.0802) molecular genetics(26.0802)

  • 分子药理学(26.1002) molecular pharmacology(26.1002)

  • 分子生理学(26.0902) molecular physiology(26.0902)

  • 分子毒理学(26.1005) molecular toxicology(26.1005)

26.15 - 神经生物学和神经科学 Neurobiology and neurosciences

该子系列包括教学课程类别 26.1501 至 26.1599。 This subseries comprises instructional program classes 26.1501 to 26.1599.

26.1501 - 神经科学 Neuroscience

该教学课程包括任何专注于大脑和神经系统的分子、结构、生理、认知和行为方面的跨学科科学研究的课程。这些课程包括分子和细胞神经科学、脑科学、中枢神经系统解剖学和生理学、信息处理的分子和生化基础、行为神经科学、神经精神疾病生物学以及临床科学和生物医学工程的应用课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the interdisciplinary scientific study of the molecular, structural, physiologic, cognitive, and behavioural aspects of the brain and nervous system. These programs include courses in molecular and cellular neuroscience, brain science, anatomy and physiology of the central nervous system, molecular and biochemical bases of information processing, behavioural neuroscience, biology of neuropsychiatric disorders, and applications to the clinical sciences and biomedical engineering.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 认知神经科学 cognitive neuroscience

  • 计算神经科学 computational neuroscience

  • 发育神经科学 developmental neuroscience

  • 分子和细胞神经科学 molecular and cellular neuroscience

  • 神经科学 neuroscience

  • 神经科学 neurosciences

  • 系统神经科学 systems neuroscience

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 行为神经科学(42.2706) behavioural neuroscience(42.2706)

  • 认知科学(30.2501) cognitive science(30.2501)

  • 神经解剖学(26.1502) neuroanatomy(26.1502)

  • 神经生物学和解剖学(26.1503) neurobiology and anatomy(26.1503)

  • 神经病学 - 住院医师 (61.1101) neurology - residency(61.1101)

  • 神经药理学 (26.1003) neuropharmacology(26.1003)

  • 科学计算（30.3001） scientific computing(30.3001)

26.1502 - 神经解剖学 Neuroanatomy

该教学课程包括任何专注于脊椎动物中枢和周围神经系统或无脊椎动物神经系统结构科学研究的课程。这些课程包括细胞和回路解剖学课程、神经元通路映射、神经元信号分子及其受体的解剖分布和映射，以及中枢神经系统疾病和紊乱的解剖学基础。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the structure of the central and peripheral nervous system in vertebrates or the nervous system of invertebrates. These programs include courses in cellular and circuit anatomy, mapping of neuronal pathways, anatomical distribution and mapping of neuronal signalling molecules and their receptors, and the anatomical basis of central nervous system diseases and disorders.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 神经解剖学 neuroanatomy

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 解剖学（26.0403） anatomy(26.0403)

  • 神经生物学和解剖学(26.1503) neurobiology and anatomy(26.1503)

  • 神经病学 - 住院医师 (61.1101) neurology - residency(61.1101)

  • 神经科学(26.1501) neuroscience(26.1501)

26.1503 - 神经生物学和解剖学 Neurobiology and anatomy

该教学课程包括任何专注于脊椎动物和无脊椎动物中枢和周围神经系统结构和功能科学研究的课程。这些课程包括神经元和神经胶质细胞和回路、神经递质和受体、神经元信号过程、膜和突触结构和通信、自主功能、神经系统回路和映射以及中枢神经的解剖学和功能基础的分子和细胞研究课程系统疾病和失调。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous system in vertebrates and invertebrates. These programs include courses in molecular and cellular studies of neuronal and glial cells and circuits, neural transmitters and receptors, neuronal signalling processes, membrane and synapse structure and communication, autonomic function, nervous system circuitry and mapping, and anatomical and functional basis of central nervous system diseases and disorders.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 神经生物学 neurobiology

  • 神经生物学和解剖学 neurobiology and anatomy

  • 神经生物学和神经生理学 neurobiology and neurophysiology

  • 神经生理学 neurophysiology

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 临床神经生理学 - 奖学金 (61.1103) clinical neurophysiology - fellowship(61.1103)

  • 神经解剖学(26.1502) neuroanatomy(26.1502)

  • 神经生物学和行为（26.1504） neurobiology and behaviour(26.1504)

  • 神经病学 - 住院医师 (61.1101) neurology - residency(61.1101)

  • 神经科学(26.1501) neuroscience(26.1501)

26.1504 - 神经生物学和行为 Neurobiology and behaviour

该教学课程包括任何专注于脊椎动物和无脊椎动物中枢和周围神经系统的结构和功能科学研究的课程，因为它与行为控制有关。这些课程包括神经系统和回路课程、行为和认知的高级研究、计算神经生物学以及中枢神经系统疾病和失调的行为表现。 This instructional program class comprises any program that focuses on the scientific study of the structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous system in vertebrates and invertebrates as it relates to control of behaviour. These programs include courses in neuronal systems and circuits, higher level studies of behaviour and cognition, computational neurobiology, and behavioural manifestations of central nervous system diseases and disorders.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 神经生物学和行为 neurobiology and behaviour

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 行为神经科学(42.2706) behavioural neuroscience(42.2706)

  • 健康行为(51.2212) health behaviour(51.2212)

  • 医学神经生物学（26.1599） medical neurobiology(26.1599)

  • 神经生物学和解剖学(26.1503) neurobiology and anatomy(26.1503)

26.1599 - 神经生物学和神经科学，其他 Neurobiology and neurosciences, other

该教学课程包括上面未列出的与神经生物学和神经科学相关的任何课程。 This instructional program class comprises any program not listed above that relates to Neurobiology and neurosciences.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 计算神经生物学 computational neurobiology

  • 医学神经生物学 medical neurobiology

  • 其他神经生物学和神经科学 other neurobiology and neurosciences

  • 排除项 Exclusion(s)

  • 神经生物学和行为（26.1504） neurobiology and behaviour(26.1504)

  • 科学计算（30.3001） scientific computing(30.3001)

26.99 - 生物和生物医学科学，其他 Biological and biomedical sciences, other

该子系列包括教学程序类 26.9999。 This subseries comprises instructional program class 26.9999.

26.9999 - 生物和生物医学科学，其他 Biological and biomedical sciences, other

该教学计划课程包括上面未列出的与生物和生物医学科学相关的任何计划。 This instructional program class comprises any program not listed above that relates to Biological and biomedical sciences.

  • 说明性示例 Illustrative example(s)

  • 其他生物和生物医学科学 other biological and biomedical science